Inca

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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Geography = =

 The Civilization of Incas was loated in south America very close to the pacific sea. These days Incas is now called Argentina,Ecuador ,Bolivia, and Chile but they mostly call it Peru. The effect that the geographic setting had in Inca was they used irrigation to grow food. Many roads crisscrossed through Incas which was good for trading and transporting. They lived for many years near Aztecs and Mayans. Incas lived really close to the Andes mountains, lake Titicaca, Amazon River, Caribbean sea, fog mountain and the coastal dessert. The Incas lived in mountainous terrain which was not good for farming to resolve this problem, they cut terraces into the Andes (steep slopes ) and grew maize, Quinoa, squash, tomatoes, peanuts, chili peppers, melons, cotton, and potatoes(they were the first civilization plant and harvest potatoes.) Quinoa was also a main crop.



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=** Time Period **=

 The ancient civilization of Incas emerged as a civilization in 1200 when Manco Capac founded the empire. Through 1442 and 1438 their empire was getting bigger and bigger and soon doubled in size. Incas was around from 1200 B.C.E to 1500 B.C.E around 300 years. Inca fell in 1532 when Huscar and Athualpa fought a civil war and the Spanish conquered the Inca empire. The destruction quickly followed the Inca emperor who was captured.



= Government =

 Inca empire was separated into 4 sections each ruled by a governor according to the oral traditions of the Inca the empire was ruled by 14 kings in succession. yes they had sunken court it was built out of stone and was adorned with gold and A lot of people got murdered there. The rights they had and didn't have was they were allowed to worship their ancestral gods as long as accepted the son god, they practiced cranial deformation by wrapping a tight clothes around there baby's head, they had to follow the law because punishment was very swift, workers were considered the lowest social class but were in title to what we call today due process, all classes of people were equally subject to the rule of law, if a worker was accused of stealing and the charges were proven false and the local official could be punished for not doing his job properly.



=** Rise And Fall **=

Inca rose when their empire doubled their size and they had found many foods like potatoes.Inca fell when there empire people went to war they also fell when the Pizarro came and killed their ruler and spread germs everywhere. The Inca's rose to such a large size by sending spies to regions they wanted in there empire, they would report back on the political organization, military and wealth they would then send a messenger to the leaders of these lands telling them the benefits of joining there empire they often offered luxury gifts.Inca was in the center of Andes Mountain ranges, including large parts of land. Inca was the largest empire in pre-Columbine America Per Parts of Columbia Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, And Argentina.The Incas were conquered a few times during the time their empire existed. They were first conquered by the Europeans in 1532.Pizarro came and got lost in the Andes mountains and after 2 years reached the Incas, and Kidnapped their ruler and killed him. Then he spread germs and conquered the Incas. the Spanish solders invaded in 1532.The Incas did have a golden age at 1438 when they rise to the most power and got a bigger population. the Incas could have stayed in power if their geographic location had been different but if the Incas were not located so close to the water the Spanish would have not be able to get to them quite so easily and they would have stayed in power. media type="youtube" key="6jJW7aSNCzU" width="365" height="303"

= **Economy** = **The trade role of incas civilization was they would use a system called call terrasing, it takes advantage of the ground around a hill or a mountain by creating flat surfaces in which they could plant and grow crops. They traded in with other groups around the same area in open markets kind of the same way they still do to this day. Incas major trading products were squash, sweet potatoes, and fruits like pineapples and papaya. In the lower valleys they provided and traded sweet potatoes, maize, manioc, squash, beans, chili peppers, peanuts, and cotton. In the hills above they would produced they provided and traded white potatoes, a cereal grain called quinoa, coca, medicine, feathers, and animal skins. The highlanders specialized in manufacture and crafts, including gold working. But most of all Gold was their favourite thing to trade Incas geography location affected their ability to trade because they had a lack of oxygen to breath through the mountains, hills, valleys. Yes, the Incas economy was based on a system of social classes because they had Camelids, that were very important to the //economy//. **

= = = **Religion** = Religion Inca worshiped the dead. Inca religion had one main god and seven sub gods and goddess. Incas main god was Viracocha. The ruling family chiefly prayed to Inti, the sun god. King whom they regarded as divine. The most important feast was the one dedicated to Inti, called IntipRaimi. Beliefs about a person’s destiny after death is a way for many people to cope with death and have a sense of closure. Inca priests treated the sick by ceremonies and often used herbs and other plants. Surgeons performed an operation called trephining, that Involved cutting away part of the skull, people believed this surgery would ease pressure on the brain or let out evil spirits.

=Arts and architecture = = =

The Incas produced beautiful craft work like images of the gods, or everyday use by nobles. They played haunted melodies on woodwinds and drums. The woodwinds included flutes, panpipes, and trumpets made of shells. Incas builders were best known for their sturdy temples and dwellings made of stone. They built many kinds of beautiful monuments like temples, walls of stone and many castles of pure gold. We learned that Incas loved to play musical melodies, they had very nice stone buildings built and they worshiped their gods before anything. media type="youtube" key="UyV0VL0l5C4" height="303" width="511" An Incas god.

= = =** Social classes/Slavery **=

The Inca social structures in Inca were as follows. The most powerful figure in the Inca empire was the Sapa Inca who was the Inca King. The second most powerful figure was the Coya who was his queen. When every King was elected his subjects would build him and his family a home for the Sapa Inca and Coya to live in. Whenever a new King was elected they were built a new home. The old Sapa Inca remained in his own home. That family was not expected to leave their own home. When a new King was elected the Inca had a unique belief.. They believed that the former King would rule over all of his land even if he had died. That ment that the new King needed to aquire more land in order to have any land to rule. This ment that the Empire expanded quite a bit with each new ruler. Each King ruled under a federalist system. It consisted of four provinces with Inca at its head. Each province had its own govenor who oversaw local officials, cities and mines. There was a seperate chain of comand for the military and religion who created there own system to make sure that there was a balance of power. They would also check over it to make sure everything was runing smoothly. The local officials were responsible for settling disputes and for making sure that everyone contributed to the Mita (manditory public service). There was four levels of society stucture amonst the Inca. The highest power was the Sapa Inca (the king). The next person in power was the Royalty. This was the Auqui (the son of the Sapa Inca), the Coya (the wife of the Sapa Inca) and the Royal Panacas (the royal relatives). The next level is the Noblility. These were noblility of blood (other royal relatives) and the noblility of privalige (those who obtained there distinction throught there services like high priests etc.) The last level is the Ayllu. The people who belong to this group were the Hatan (the general public), the Mitimaes ( those beloning to newly conquered races) and the Yanaconas (servers to the Inca and Empire - mostly prisoners). There was very little slavery in the Inca Empire. The only information I could find was that if someone commited a crime they became prisoners who were forced to be slaves to the Inca and Empire.

Every person in the Inca empire had it's own job to do. Men of the lowest class were considered labourers. These Men built the towns and cities. Men of higher classes had better jobs to do. The women were considered the keepers of the home and children. The cities were never built by forced labour. These men took pride in there work.In everything that I read about the Inca slavery was never based on race. It was always based on the fact that they were prisoners and were serving time to repay their crime. The practice of using prisoners for slaves contiued throughout the whole Inca ruling.

=Technology =

The Incas invented many kinds of innovations. They invented the first calendar, how to use measurements, stone work and textiles, panpipes, hanging bridges, terrace farming ,Freeze dried food and the use of gold and silver The Incas used a calendar alot. There calendar was similar to ours today because it was divided into 12 months, each moth was divided into 3 weeks but There weeks had 3 more days than our weeks. They used irrigation to grow potatoes and corn by building a system to bring water in. This is called an irrigation system. They lived in houses that were small huts made of thick pirca and there roads were paths made between the huts. The roads were very slim. But all roads were well paved and constructed. This is a Incas stone work

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